شیوع، عوامل ایجاد کننده، عوامل خطر، روش‌های پیشگیری و درمان سخت‌زایی در گاوهای شیری
محورهای موضوعی : عوارض درمانگاهی منجر به ایجاد بیماری ها و درمان
نیلوفر تشکری
1
(دانشجو، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)
نیما فرزانه
2
(استاد، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)
کلید واژه: گاو, سخت زایی, شیوع, درمان,
چکیده مقاله :
هر مورد سخت‌زایی، مشکلی بالینی محسوب می‌شود که در صورت به کارگیری روشی صحیح می‌توان آن را رفع نمود. تشخیص و درمان سخت‌زایی نیازمند درک صحیح روند زایمان طبيعي و حساسیت نسبت به رفاه مادر و فرزند است. سختی تولد زمانی رخ می‌دهد که یا زورهای زایمانی ناکافی هستند، یا مجراي زایمانی اندازه و شکل مناسبی ندارد، یا قطر جنین نمی‌تواند از طریق مجراي زایمانی عبور کند، چون یا خیلی بزرگ است یا نحوه قرارگیری آن از عبور طبيعي آن جلوگیری به عمل مي‌آورد. رخداد سخت‌زایی در تلیسه‌ها ۳ تا ۱۰ برابر رخداد آن در گاوهای چند بار زایش )چه گاوهای گوشتی و چه شیری( است. عوامل خطر سخت‌زایی شامل عدم تناسب میان جنین و مادر، قرارگیری غیر طبیعی جنین، استنوز فرج، واژن و یا سرویکس، پیچ خوردگی رحم هستند. پیشگیری از سخت‌زایی به ویژه در تلیسه‌های زایش اول، عنصر مهمی در برنامه تولید مثلی موفق در همه مزارع پرورش گاو شیری یا گوشتی محسوب می‌شود و عوامل زیادی می‌توانند در رخداد سخت‌زایی نقش داشته باشند. حتی در زمان‌هایی که برنامه‌هایی جهت محدود نمودن خطر سخت‌زایی و رساندن آن به سطح قابل قبول وجود دارند (کمتر از ۱۵٪ برای تلیسه ها و کمتر از ۵٪ برای گاوها)، همچنان مواردی از سخت‌زایی در گله‌های گاو گوشتی و شیری رخ می‌دهند. یکی از مهم‌ترین نیازمندی‌ها برای مدیریت ایده‌آل سخت‌زایی این است که دامدار بداند چه زمانی مداخله کند یا تقاضای کمک داشته باشد.
Each case of dystocia is a clinical problem that may be solved if a correct procedure is followed. The diagnosis and treatment of dystocia requires a good understanding of normal parturition and sensitivity to the welfare of both dam and offspring. Difficult birth will occur when the expulsive forces are insufficient, when the birth canal is of inadequate size and shape, or when the presenting diameter of the fetus is unable to pass through the normal birth canal because it is too large or its disposition prevents it from doing so. The incidence of dystocia in heifers has been calculated to be anywhere from three to ten times that of multiparous cows, whether in beef or dairy cattle. Risk factors for dystocia are fetal-dam disparity, abnormal fetal position, vulval, vaginal, or cervical stenosis and uterine torsion. Preventing dystocia, particularly in first-calf heifers, is a very important component of a successful reproductive program on any dairy or beef operation and there are numerous factors have been involved in the incidence of dystocia. Even when plans are in place to limit dystocia risk to an acceptable level (<15% for heifers, <5% for cows), there are still cases of dystocia in beef and dairy herds. One of the most important fundamentals for optimum dystocia management is for the owner to know when to intervene or call for assistance.
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