مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای در پژوهش‌ها و خدمات دامپزشکی
محورهای موضوعی : سایر علوم وابسته
علیرضا باهنر
1
(دانشگاه تهران)
مرضیه فائزی
2
(دانشجوی Ph.D اپیدمیولوژی، بخش بهداشت و کنترل مواد غذایی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران)
زهرا بلوکی
3
(PhD اپیدمیولوژی، عضو انجمن علمی اپیدمیولوژیست‌های ایران، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: مطالعه مشاهده‌ای, ثبت داده, مطالعه مقطعی, مطالعه مورد- شاهدی, مطالعه هم‌گروهی,
چکیده مقاله :
از مهم‌ترین کاربردهای علم اپیدمیولوژی، بررسی علت رخداد بیماری‌ها است. در این راستا طراحی درست مطالعه‌ها برای نزدیک شدن به علت و عوامل خطر رخداد بیماری‌ها امری حیاتی است. مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای، دسته‌ای از مطالعه‌ها هستند، که به شناسایی عوامل خطر رخداد بیماری‌ها کمک کرده و با برآورد کمی اثر این عوامل بر رخداد بیماری، در کنترل آن در جامعه تأثیر می‌گذارند. این مطالعه‌ها از راه مشاهده سیر طبیعی بیماری در جمعیت انجام می‌شوند. ثبت درست و دقیق داده‌ها (بخشی که در کشور کم‌تر مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد) زیربنای اصلی این مطالعه‌ها است که نیازمند توجه ویژه مراکز آموزشی، ترویجی و پژوهشی است. در این مقاله در ابتدا انواع مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای به‌طور کلی معرفی شده است. پس از آن مطالعه‌های مقطعی، مورد- شاهدی و هم‌گروهی به‌عنوان سه نوع اصلی مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای به‌طور کامل توضیح داده شده‌اند. چگونگی گروه‌بندی نمونه‌ها برای ورود به مطالعه، محاسبه حداقل تعداد نمونه، کاربردها و مزایا و معایب هر یک از مطالعه‌ها به‌تفصیل شرح داده شده‌است. هم‌چنین امکاناتی که هر یک از انواع این مطالعه‌ها برای تفسیر علیتی رخداد بیماری یا حاصل مورد نظر در مطالعه، در اختیار پژوهشگر می‌گذارد؛ در انتهای هر بخش آمده است. پس از معرفی چگونگی اجرای هر مطالعه، برای آشنایی بیشتر خوانندگان بسته به مورد به 3 یا 4 مقاله که طرح مطالعاتی مشابه دارند، ارجاع داده شده است تا به عنوان نمونه‌ای از یک مطالعه مشاهده‌ای به‌عنوان الگو قرار گیرد. باید توجه داشت این نوع مطالعه‌ها زیربنایی، برای اجرای مطالعه‌های مداخله‌ای هستند و ایجاد زیرساخت برای ثبت داده و تحلیل آن برای انجام این مطالعه‌ها ضروری است.
One of the most important applications of epidemiology is the investigation of the causes of diseases. In this regard, the appropriate design of study to approach the causes and risk factors of a disease is vital. Observational studies are a category of studies that help the researcher in identifying risk factors for disease occurrence and quantifying the effect of these factors on it, thereby influencing its control within the population. These studies are conducted through observing the natural behavior of disease in the population. Accurate and precise data collection (a part that receives less attention in the country) forms the cornerstone of these studies, requiring special attention from educational, extension, and research centers. In this article, various types of observational studies are initially introduced in general terms. Subsequently, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, as the three main types of observational studies, are comprehensively explained. The methods of grouping for study entry, calculation of minimum sample size, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of each study are described in detail. Additionally, the capabilities that each type of these studies provides to the researcher for interpreting the causality of the occurrence or the desired outcome in the study are provided at the end of each section. After introducing the implementation method of each study, depending on the case, references to three or four articles with similar study designs are provided to serve as examples of observational studies as a model. It should be noted that these types of studies are foundational for conducting intervention studies, and creating infrastructure for data recording and analysis is necessary for conducting these studies.
1. Thrusfield M. Veterinary epidemiology, 4th edition: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
2. MalekAfzali H, Majdzadeh R, Fotouhi A, Tavakoli S. Methodology of applied rsearches in medical sciences (In persian), 1st edition. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Dciences; 2005.
3. Park JE. Textbook of preventive and social medicine a treatise on community health. 17th ed: Samat Publication; 2002.
4. Gordis L. Epidemiology:5th edition: Gap; 2013.
5. Mausner JS, Bahn AK. Epidemiology Principals: Iran university press; 1994.
6. Mardani A. Studies in medical science researches 2021 [Available at: https://medlabnews.ir/].
7. Javadzade R, Rostami A, Arabkhazaeli F, Bahonar A, Mohammad Rahimi H, Mirjalali H. Molecular detection and genotype identification of E. cuniculi from pet rabbits. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2021; 75:101616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101616.
8. Faghihi SM, Rassouli A, Bahonar A. A Survey on the Status of Antibacterial Drug Use in Dairy Cattle Farms in Qom Province. Journal of Veterinary Research. 2019;74(4):574-82. https://doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.253642.2773.
9. Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Bahonar A, Vasfi Marandi M, Sadrzadeh A, Zeinolabedini Tehrani F. Sero-survey of H5 & H7 sub types of Avian Influenza in commercial and backyard poultry of Iran -2014. Journal of Veterinary Research. 2018;73(1):47-53. https://doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.130684.2345.
10. Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Bahonar A, Mirzaei K, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Ghafouri SA, Tehrani F, et al. Serological Survey of Avian Influenza (H9N2) in Commercial Ostrich Farms in Iran, 2015. Archives of Razi Institute. 2018;73(4):325-30. https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2017.108110.1081.
11. Haji-Abdolvahab H, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Bahonar A, Ghafouri SA, Vasfi Marandi M, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, et al. Prevalence of avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler flocks infected with multifactorial respiratory diseases in Iran, 2015–2016. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2019;51(3):689-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1743-z.
12. Isfahani MS, Rostami A, Bahonar AR, Barin A, Memarian I. Serologic survey for Canine Distemper Virus in free-ranging wild canids in the northeast of Iran. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire. 2017;168(10-12):247-51.
13. Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Bahonar A, Mirzaei K, Molouki A, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Ghafouri SA, et al. Prevalence of avian influenza (H9N2) in commercial quail, partridge, and turkey farms in Iran, 2014–2015. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2018;50(3):677-82. 10.1007/s11250-017-1438-x.
14. Hajkazemi MB, Bahonar AR, Nayeri Fasaei B, Rahimi Foroushani A. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis in rural domestic ruminants in Zanjan province. Veterinary Research & Biological Products. 2020;33(2): 75-83. https://doi.org/10.22092/vj.2019.125488.1562.
15. Boluki Z, Bahonar AR, Amiri K, Akbarein H, Sharifi H, Akbari-Sari A, et al. Estimation of economic direct losses due to livestock brucellosis in iran (2003-2014). Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;12(4):12-21.
16. Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Tehrani F, AmirHajloo S, Bashashati M, Bahonar AR, et al. Assessing the economic burden of multi-causal respiratory diseases in broiler farms in Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022;54(2):117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03110-0.
17. Bahonar A, Bahrainipour A, Rahimi Foroshani A, Lotfollahzadeh S, Amiri K, Naghibi SB. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among Industrial and Semi-industrial Dairy Cows under Brucellosis Testing and Slaughter Operations of Veterinary Organization of Iran-2018, 2019. Iranian Journal Of Infectious Diseases And Tropical Medicine. 2019;86(24):7-15.
18. Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Bahonar AR, Sadrzadeh AVM, M., Tehrani F. Spatial Pattern And Cluster Analysis Of Avian Influenza H9n2 Subtype In Backyard Poultry, Iran, 2014 And 2015. Veterinary Researches Biological Products (Pajouhesh-Va-Sazandegi). 2017;30(1):2-13.
19. Spence KL, Slater J, Rosanowski SM, Cardwell JM. A cross-sectional study of horse owners’ awareness and perceived risk of exotic diseases in the United Kingdom. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2019;169:104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104706.
20. Behroozikhah AM, Bagheri Nejad R, Amiri K, Bahonar AR. Identification at Biovar Level of Brucella Isolates Causing Abortion in Small Ruminants of Iran. Journal of Pathogens. 2012;2012:357235. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/357235.
21. Kohansal Lotfabad F. Evaluation of cow comfort indices and its effect on locomotion scoring in Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;D.V.M. thesis, 2023.
22. Emami SJ, Bahonar AR, Mehrabadi MHF, Lotfollazadeh S, Amiri K, Abdollahi D. Evaluation of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine using registered surveillance data. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022;54(4):215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03204-9.
23. BAHONAR AR, Holakouei Naeini K, Nadim A, Zahedi MR, Zoughi E, Mohammad K. Brucellosis Determinants In Chaharmahal And Bakhtiari Province, Iran. PAYESH. 2002;1(1):25-32.
24. Akbarein H, Bahonar AR, Bokaie S, Mosavar N, Rahimi- Foroushani A, Sharifi H, et al. Determinants of Bovine Tuberculosis in Dairy Farms Covered by the Tuberculin Screening Test: A Herd Level Case Control Study. IrJE. 2014;10(3):15-24.
25. Bahreinipour A, Bahonar A, Boluki Z, Foroshani AR, Zadeh SL, Amiri K. Bovine Brucellosis Infection in Iranian Dairy Farms: A Herd-level Case-control Study. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2023;17(4):383-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.17.4.1005289.
26. Bagheri Amiri F, Bahonar AR, Mostafavi E, Mansournia MA, Rasouli N, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, et al. Study of the Determinants of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Iran: A Unit Level Case Control Study. IrJE. 2016;12(1):62-70.
27. Alian Samakkhah S, Bahonar A, Ghafouri SA, Sadrzadeh A, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Tehrani FZ, et al. Effectiveness of different Newcastle disease vaccination programs in Iranian broiler farms: a case-control study. JPSAD. 2023;1(4):3-12.
28. Mirzaie K, Bahonar A, Mehrabadi MF, Hajilu G, Yaghoubi M. Determinants of Bovine Ephemeral Fever outbreak during 2013, in Qazvin Province, Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2017;7(12):744-7.
29. Cox R, Burden F, Gosden L, Proudman C, Trawford A, Pinchbeck G. Case control study to investigate risk factors for impaction colic in donkeys in the UK. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2009;92(3):179-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.012 30. Stavisky J, Radford AD, Gaskell R, Dawson S, German A, Parsons B, et al. A case–control study of pathogen and lifestyle risk factors for diarrhoea in dogs. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2011;99(2):185-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.02.009 31. Sharifi H, Kostoulas P, Bahonar A, Bokaie S, Vodjgani M, Haghdoost AA, et al. Effect of health disorders on the hazard of culling on the first or second lactation in Iranian dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2013;109(1):144-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.017 32. Bahonar A, Sharifi H, Bokaie S, Vodjgani M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Haghdoost AA. Modeling the Effect of Lameness on Culling of Dairy Cows in Tehran Province. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 2009;04(1-2):37-44 33. Bahonar A, Azizzadeh M, Stevenson M, Vojgani M, Mahmoudi M. Factors affecting days open in Holstein dairy cattle in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran; A Cox proportional hazard model. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2009;8(4):747-54. 34. Dohoo IR, Martin W, Stryhn HE. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. 2nd ed. VER Inc. 2009. 35. Boge GS, Engdahl K, Bergström A, Emanuelson U, Hanson J, Höglund O, et al. Disease-related and overall survival in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease, a historical cohort study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2020;181:105057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105057 36. Krontveit RI, Trangerud C, Sævik BK, Skogmo HK, Nødtvedt A. Risk factors for hip-related clinical signs in a prospective cohort study of four large dog breeds in Norway. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2012;103(2):219-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.018