شیوع، عوامل ایجاد کننده، عوامل خطر، روش‌های پیشگیری و درمان سخت‌زایی در گاوهای شیری
محورهای موضوعی : عوارض درمانگاهی منجر به ایجاد بیماری ها و درمان
نیلوفر تشکری
1
*
,
نیما فرزانه
2
1 - دانشجو، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
2 - استاد، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
کلید واژه: گاو, سخت زایی, شیوع, درمان,
چکیده مقاله :
هر مورد سخت‌زایی، مشکلی بالینی محسوب می‌شود که در صورت به کارگیری روشی صحیح می‌توان آن را رفع نمود. تشخیص و درمان سخت‌زایی نیازمند درک صحیح روند زایمان طبيعي و حساسیت نسبت به رفاه مادر و فرزند است. سختی تولد زمانی رخ می‌دهد که یا زورهای زایمانی ناکافی هستند، یا مجراي زایمانی اندازه و شکل مناسبی ندارد، یا قطر جنین نمی‌تواند از طریق مجراي زایمانی عبور کند، چون یا خیلی بزرگ است یا نحوه قرارگیری آن از عبور طبيعي آن جلوگیری به عمل مي‌آورد. رخداد سخت‌زایی در تلیسه‌ها ۳ تا ۱۰ برابر رخداد آن در گاوهای چند بار زایش )چه گاوهای گوشتی و چه شیری( است. عوامل خطر سخت‌زایی شامل عدم تناسب میان جنین و مادر، قرارگیری غیر طبیعی جنین، استنوز فرج، واژن و یا سرویکس، پیچ خوردگی رحم هستند. پیشگیری از سخت‌زایی به ویژه در تلیسه‌های زایش اول، عنصر مهمی در برنامه تولید مثلی موفق در همه مزارع پرورش گاو شیری یا گوشتی محسوب می‌شود و عوامل زیادی می‌توانند در رخداد سخت‌زایی نقش داشته باشند. حتی در زمان‌هایی که برنامه‌هایی جهت محدود نمودن خطر سخت‌زایی و رساندن آن به سطح قابل قبول وجود دارند (کمتر از ۱۵٪ برای تلیسه ها و کمتر از ۵٪ برای گاوها)، همچنان مواردی از سخت‌زایی در گله‌های گاو گوشتی و شیری رخ می‌دهند. یکی از مهم‌ترین نیازمندی‌ها برای مدیریت ایده‌آل سخت‌زایی این است که دامدار بداند چه زمانی مداخله کند یا تقاضای کمک داشته باشد.
Each case of dystocia is a clinical problem that may be solved if a correct procedure is followed. The diagnosis and treatment of dystocia requires a good understanding of normal parturition and sensitivity to the welfare of both dam and offspring. Difficult birth will occur when the expulsive forces are insufficient, when the birth canal is of inadequate size and shape, or when the presenting diameter of the fetus is unable to pass through the normal birth canal because it is too large or its disposition prevents it from doing so. The incidence of dystocia in heifers has been calculated to be anywhere from three to ten times that of multiparous cows, whether in beef or dairy cattle. Risk factors for dystocia are fetal-dam disparity, abnormal fetal position, vulval, vaginal, or cervical stenosis and uterine torsion. Preventing dystocia, particularly in first-calf heifers, is a very important component of a successful reproductive program on any dairy or beef operation and there are numerous factors have been involved in the incidence of dystocia. Even when plans are in place to limit dystocia risk to an acceptable level (<15% for heifers, <5% for cows), there are still cases of dystocia in beef and dairy herds. One of the most important fundamentals for optimum dystocia management is for the owner to know when to intervene or call for assistance.
1. Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GC. Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
2. Dematawena C, Berger P. Effect of dystocia on yield, fertility, and cow losses and an economic evaluation of dystocia scores for Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science. 1997;80(4):754-61.
3. PARKINSON TJ, VERMUNT J, NOAKES DE. Eachifofa case of dystocia is a clinical problem that may be solved. Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics-E-Book. 2018:203.
4. Nix J, Spitzer J, Grimes L, Burns G, Plyler B. A retrospective analysis of factors contributing to calf mortality and dystocia in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 1998;49(8):1515-23.
5. Mee JF. Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: A review. The Veterinary Journal. 2008;176(1):93-101.
6. Hopper RM. Bovine reproduction: John Wiley & Sons; 2021.
7. López Helguera I, Behrouzi A, Kastelic J, Colazo M. Risk factors associated with dystocia in a tie stall dairy herd. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2016;96(2):135-42.
8. Edwards SA. The timing of parturition in dairy cattle. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1979;93(2):359-63.
9. Sieber M, Freeman A, Kelley D. Effects of body measurements and weight on calf size and calving difficulty of Holsteins. Journal of dairy science. 1989;72(9):2402-10.
10. McDermott JJ, Allen OB, Martin SW, Alves DM. Patterns of stillbirth and dystocia in Ontario cow-calf herds. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 1992;56(1):47.
11. Mee J, Berry D, Cromie A. Risk factors for calving assistance and dystocia in pasture-based Holstein–Friesian heifers and cows in Ireland. The Veterinary Journal. 2011;187(2):189-94.
12. Citek J, Hradecka E, Rehout V, Hanusova L. Obstetrical problems and stillbirth in beef cattle. Animal Science Papers & Reports. 2011;29(2).
13. Meyer C, Berger P, Koehler K, Thompson J, Sattler C. Phenotypic trends in incidence of stillbirth for Holsteins in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science. 2001;84(2):515-23.
14. Meijering A. Livestock Prod. Sci 11: 143. 1984;177.
15. Holland M, Speer N, LeFever D, Taylor R, Field T, Odde K. Factors contributing to dystocia due to fetal malpresentation in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 1993;39(4):899-908.
16. Correa M, Erb H, Scarlett J. Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. Journal of dairy science. 1993;76(5):1305-12.
17. Noakes D. Fetal dystocia: aetiology, incidence and prevention. Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 2009;9:247-65.
18. Meijering A. Dystocia and stillbirth in cattle—A review of causes, relations and implications. Livestock Production Science. 1984;11(2):143-77.
19. Purohit GN, Barolia Y, Shekhar C, Kumar P. Maternal dystocia in cows and buffaloes: a review. Open journal of Animal sciences. 2011;1(02):41.
20. Lyons N, Knight-Jones T, Aldridge B, Gordon P. Incidence, management and outcomes of uterine torsion in UK dairy cows. Cattle Pract. 2013;21:1-6.
21. Uematsu M, Sasaki Y, Kitahara G, Sameshima H, Osawa T. Risk factors for stillbirth and dystocia in Japanese Black cattle. The Veterinary Journal. 2013;198(1):212-6.
22. KNIGHT RP. The occurrence of schistosomus reflexus in bovine dystocia. Australian veterinary journal. 1996;73(3):105-7.
23. Eriksson S, Nasholm A, Johansson K, Philipsson J. Genetic parameters for calving difficulty, stillbirth, and birth weight for Hereford and Charolais at first and later parities. Journal of Animal Science. 2004;82(2):375-83.
24. Johanson J, Berger P. Birth weight as a predictor of calving ease and perinatal mortality in Holstein cattle. Journal of dairy science. 2003;86(11):3745-55.
25. Morrison D, Humes P, Keith N, Godke R. Discriminant analysis for predicting dystocia in beef cattle. II. Derivation and validation of a prebreeding prediction model. Journal of Animal Science. 1985;60(3):617-21.
26. Johnson S, Deutscher G, Parkhurst A. Relationships of pelvic structure, body measurements, pelvic area and calving difficulty. Journal of Animal Science. 1988;66(5):1081-8.
27. Laster DB, Gregory KE. Factors influencing peri-and early postnatal calf mortality. Journal of animal science. 1973;37(5):1092-7.
28. Funnell BJ, Hilton WM. Management and prevention of dystocia. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2016;32(2):511-22.
29. Hickson R, Morris S, Kenyon P, Lopez-Villalobos N. Dystocia in beef heifers: a review of genetic and nutritional influences. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 2006;54(6):256-64.
30. Joubert D, Hammond J. A crossbreeding experiment with cattle, with special reference to the maternal effect in South Devon—Dexter crosses. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1958;51(3):325-41.
31. Holm DE, Webb EC, Thompson PN. A new application of pelvis area data as culling tool to aid in the management of dystocia in heifers. Journal of Animal Science. 2014;92(5):2296-303.
32. Waldner CL. Cow attributes, herd management and environmental factors associated with the risk of calf death at or within 1 h of birth and the risk of dystocia in cow–calf herds in Western Canada. Livestock Science. 2014;163:126-39.
33. Frazer G, Silviera F, Anderson D, Beard W, Abrahamsen E, Premanandan C, et al., editors. Systemic Effects of Peritoneal Instillation of a Polyethylene Polymer Based Obstetrical Lubricant in Cows. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference; 2004.
34. Frazer G. Bovine uterus torsion: 164 hospital referral cases.--p. 739-758. En: Theriogenology (USA).--Vol. 46, no. 5 (1 Oct. 1996).
35. Laven R, Howe M. Uterine torsion in cattle in the UK. Vet Rec. 2005;157(3):96.
36. Aubry P, Warnick LD, DesCôteaux L, Bouchard É. A study of 55 field cases of uterine torsion in dairy cattle. The Canadian veterinary journal. 2008;49(4):366.
37. Xiang R, Estrella C, Fitzsimmons C, Kruk Z, Thomsen D, Rutley D, et al. 97 MAGNITUDE AND SPECIFICITY OF EFFECTS OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL GENOMES ON THE FETO-PLACENTAL UNIT. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 2015;27(1):141-.
38. Arthur P, Archer J, Melville G. Factors influencing dystocia and prediction of dystocia in Angus heifers selected for yearling growth rate. Australian journal of agricultural research. 2000;51(1):147-54.
39. Gunn P, Schoonmaker J, Lemenager R, Bridges G. Feeding excess crude protein to gestating and lactating beef heifers: Impact on parturition, milk composition, ovarian function, reproductive efficiency and pre-weaning progeny growth. Livestock Science. 2014;167:435-48.
40. Spire MF, editor Cow/Calf Production Records. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference; 1990.
41. Roberts SJ. Veterinary obstetrics and genital diseases. Edwards Brothers. Inc, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1971:308-13.
42. Schuenemann G, Nieto I, Bas S, Galvão K, Workman J. Assessment of calving progress and reference times for obstetric intervention during dystocia in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of dairy science. 2011;94(11):5494-501.
43. Mortimer R. Calving and handling calving difficulties. Calving management manual. 2009.
44. Becker M, Tsousis G, Lüpke M, Goblet F, Heun C, Seifert H, et al. Extraction forces in bovine obstetrics: an in vitro study investigating alternate and simultaneous traction modes. Theriogenology. 2010;73(8):1044-50.