A review of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Mares Urogenital Surgery: Current Practices and Evidence-Based Guidelines
Subject Areas : Veterinary Soft and Hard Tissue Surgeryخاطره کفشدوزان 1 * , faeze Emarloo 2 , hamid reza moslemi 3
1 - 1. Associate Professor of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
2 - Department of clinical sciences, faculty of vet. medicine, semnan University
3 - 3. Associate Professor of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Keywords: Urogenital, Antibiotics, Mare, Surgical Site Infections,
Abstract :
Background: A review of antibiotic therapy in urogenital surgeries of mares
Objective: a comprehensive guide on the selection of appropriate antibiotics, reviewing common bacteria involved in urogenital infections in horses and examining commonly used antibiotics
Methods: Data collection has been documented based on the review of previous studies
Results: Given the significant role of the equine breeding industry in various countries and its considerable impact on the development of diverse economic sectors, addressing issues related to the health and welfare of horses has become one of the primary priorities in this field. Among these concerns, the health of the mare’s urogenital system holds particular importance due to its critical role in reproduction and fertility. Despite notable advancements in surgical techniques, skin disinfection, and sterilization methods, surgical site infections remain a major challenge in equine health management. Strict adherence to sterilization protocols and the judicious use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are key strategies for preventing these complications. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, which has become one of the most significant global challenges in veterinary medicine. Although the preventive use of antibiotics in equine urogenital surgeries is common practice, managing this use scientifically and rationally is essential to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive guide on the selection of appropriate antibiotics by reviewing common bacteria involved in urogenital infections in horses and examining commonly used antibiotics. It is hoped that the implementation of the recommendations provided in this review by veterinarians will contribute significantly to reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Conclusions:
This review emphasizes the critical role of prudent antibiotic use in managing urogenital surgeries in mares, given the rising global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. By synthesizing data on common pathogens and effective antibiotics, it provides a science-based guide to optimize antibiotic selection and stewardship. Implementing these strategies can empower veterinarians to reduce surgical infections while mitigating the spread of antibiotic resistance in equine practice.
1. Kabir A, Lamichhane B, Habib T, Adams A, El-Sheikh Ali H, Slovis NM, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equines: A Growing Threat to Horse Health and Beyond—A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics. 2024;13(8):713.
2. سروین ج, محمدرضا م, علی حپ. نقش شاخصه های ژنتیکی در تعیین نژاد اسب های عرب. 2019.
3. Ghezelsefloo H, chori A, moladoost K. Designing a qualitative model for the development of sports horse breeding industry in the country. Management and Entrepreneurship in Sport. 2023;1(1):135-54.
4. Choori A, Razavi MH, Dousti M, Farzan F. Foresight in the Field of Horse Industry and Equestrian Sports with a Scenario Writing Approach. Sport Management Journal. 2023;15(1):73-52.
5. مسعود ح, حسین ا. مروری بر بیماری های باکتریایی و ویروسی تکسمی ها در ایران. کنگره بین المللی سلامت و صنعت اسب1397.
6. Auer JA, Stick JA. Equine Surgery-E-Book: Equine Surgery-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
7. Lyssens A. Systemic antimicrobial use in the prevention of surgical site infections: sense or non-sense: Ghent University; 2018.
8. Kelmer G, Paz I, Tatz J, Dahan R, Bdolah-Abram T, Oreff L. Factors associated with surgical site infections in horses a retrospective study. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2020;75(2).
9. Straticò P, Guerri G, Palozzo A, Varasano V, Petrizzi L. Current Use of Equine Laparoscopy in Urogenital Disorders: A Scoping Review of the Literature from 2000 to 2021. Vet Sci. 2022;9(2).
10. Wilson A, Mair T, Williams N, McGowan C, Pinchbeck G. Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice. Equine veterinary journal. 2023;55(3):494-505.
11. Health EPanel oA, Welfare, Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, et al. Assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Horses. EFSA Journal. 2021;19(12):e07112.
12. Malaluang P, Wilén E, Lindahl J, Hansson I, Morrell JM. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction. Animals. 2021;11(11):3035.
13. Tyrnenopoulou P, Fthenakis GC. Clinical aspects of bacterial distribution and antibiotic resistance in the reproductive system of equids. Antibiotics. 2023;12(4):664.
14. H A Morris L, M McCue P, Aurich C. Equine endometritis: a review of challenges and new approaches. Reproduction. 2020;160(5):R95-R110.
15. Riviere JE, Papich MG. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
16. Lanz R, Kuhnert P, Boerlin P. Antimicrobial resistance and resistance gene determinants in clinical Escherichia coli from different animal species in Switzerland. Veterinary microbiology. 2003;91(1):73-84.
17. Berry AV, Kuti JL. Pharmacodynamic thresholds for beta-lactam antibiotics: a story of mouse versus man. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:833189.
18. Dierikx C, van Duijkeren E, Schoormans A, van Essen-Zandbergen A, Veldman K, Kant A, et al. Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-and AmpC-producing clinical isolates derived from companion animals and horses. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2012;67(6):1368-74.
19. Association SV. The Swedish Veterinary Association’s Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Horses. 2013.
20. Kahn CM, Scott L. The merck veterinary manual. 10th. Merck & Co, Inc. 2010:28-33.
21. Katila T. Update on endometritis therapy. Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med. 2016;3:39-45.
22. Prescott JF. Outpacing the resistance tsunami: Antimicrobial stewardship in equine medicine, an overview. Equine Veterinary Education. 2021;33(10):539-45.
23. Ferrer MS, Palomares R. Aerobic uterine isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility in mares with post-partum metritis. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2018;50(2):202-7.
24. وصال ن. اصول بیهوشی دامپزشکی: دانشگاه شیراز، مرکز نشر (مرکز نشر دانشگاه شیراز); 1387. 238 p.
25. Davolli GM, Beavers KN, Medina V, Sones JL, Pinto CR, Paccamonti DL, et al. Concentrations of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in blood and endometrium of mares after administration of an oral suspension. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2018;67:27-30.
26. Bourély C, Cazeau G, Jarrige N, Haenni M, Gay E, Leblond A. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2020;52(1):112-9.
27. González C, Moreno L, Fumuso E, García J, Rivulgo M, Confalonieri A, et al. Enrofloxacin‐based therapeutic strategy for the prevention of endometritis in susceptible mares. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2010;33(3):287-94.
28. Davis HA, Stanton MB, Thungrat K, Boothe DM. Uterine bacterial isolates from mares and their resistance to antimicrobials: 8,296 cases (2003–2008). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2013;242(7):977-83.
29. Southwood L. Perioperative antimicrobials: Should we be concerned about antimicrobial drug use in equine surgical patients? : Wiley Online Library; 2014. p. 267-9.
30. Scala E, van Galen G, Skärlina EM, Durie I. Do post-surgical multiresistant urinary infections occur in horses? Case of unilateral pyelonephritis caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria as a complication of cystotomy. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2023;9(5):2042-52.
31. Dziubinski N, Mählmann K, Lübke-Becker A, Lischer C. Retrospective Identification of Bacterial Isolates From Emergency Laparotomy Surgical Site Infections in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 2020;87:102927.
32. Verwilghen D. Surgical site infections: What do we know? : Wiley Online Library; 2015. p. 753-5.