List of Articles
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Open Access Article
1 - Hoof trimming as a part of lameness control in dairy farms
Reyhane Sangtarash Marzieh FaeziProduction diseases and conditions is common on intensive dairy farming which lead to pain and uncomforting or death in affected animals. Lameness has negative effects on comfort and economic issues. In many cases, lameness is associated with pain, which may change the MoreProduction diseases and conditions is common on intensive dairy farming which lead to pain and uncomforting or death in affected animals. Lameness has negative effects on comfort and economic issues. In many cases, lameness is associated with pain, which may change the cow's motivation to perform certain behaviors (such as walking, lying, etc.) for pain reduction and discomfort. Reduced milk yield, poor reproductive performance, shortened productive time, increased culling risk and treatment costs are the major related economic losses. Despite all the negative effects of lameness on animals and the dairy industry, limited research has been done to evaluate preventive measures. Low awareness of lameness maybe the biggest problem in its detection and control. Lameness control strategies usually include hoof trimming and treatment of motility disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of hoof trimming and its effect on claw health (effect of hoof trimming on infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases or other claw-related injuries), behavioral variables (lying time and locomotion score), physiological variables (heart rate, respiration rate, plasma cortisol level, etc.), production variables (milk production and reproduction) and other factors related to hoof trimming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Applied Anatomy and Histology of the bovine hooves and limbs
Mohammad Mirhaj Mohammad Ali SadeghiBovine hoof with its fine structures and accurate function is used for routine locomotion. This part of common integument has special characteristics to carry on a very high resistance to external/internal stimuli. Production and components of different parts of this sm MoreBovine hoof with its fine structures and accurate function is used for routine locomotion. This part of common integument has special characteristics to carry on a very high resistance to external/internal stimuli. Production and components of different parts of this small region vary and its variation in origin of production makes different protection against systemic disturbances or external/internal forces. Variation among species like cattle and horse limbs, expected performance (confinement and milk production versus athletic performance) and metabolic pressure on each animal results in different outcomes after hoof pathologies. For example, unlike horse, in cattle sinking of 3rd phalanx is more pronounced in the heel region. Horn capsule with its firm, sensitive and complex structure tries to neutralize the forces to which the limb is subjected. Any abnormality in hoof capsule vital tissues is a beginning for claw horn disruption lesion (CHDL) in a dairy farm. There are many hypotheses aiming to describe CHDL pathogenesis. No longer is it acceptable to believe that SARA = Subclinical laminitis. The disorder cannot be managed simply from a nutritional perspective and is Multifactorial. With better understanding of each part of this complex structure and the processes that occur after damage, a better understanding of the physiopathology of hoof capsule injuries is obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Gait biomechanics and digital growth and weight bearing pattern in dairy cows.
mohammad ali sadeghi Khosro Safari Nikroo mohammad mirhajLameness is one the most important problems in dairy herds and a major cause of financial loss and pain and discomfort to animals. Different surveys have revealed that most lameness causing lesions in cattle originate in the claw and in order to better understand the cl MoreLameness is one the most important problems in dairy herds and a major cause of financial loss and pain and discomfort to animals. Different surveys have revealed that most lameness causing lesions in cattle originate in the claw and in order to better understand the claw disorders, one has to have good understanding of the anatomic structure, horn characteristics, and biomechanics of the claw. The claw is a direct product of the underlying living tissue and different factors affect the rate of horn growth and wear. Here, we aim to review the different factors effecting the horn growth and wear, weight bearing, and biomechanics of the claw. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A review on hoof trimming timing in cows
Marzieh Faezi Alireza Bahonar Ahmadreza MohamadniaHoof trimming as a part of hoof health management is one of the important parts of herd health management system. Timing of hoof trimming and its method are the main subjects that must be known for an efficient hoof trimming program. In the current study, the different MoreHoof trimming as a part of hoof health management is one of the important parts of herd health management system. Timing of hoof trimming and its method are the main subjects that must be known for an efficient hoof trimming program. In the current study, the different suggested timings of trimming (around drying, early, middle and end of lactation) have been reviewed. Although the need for more research to find the best time for hoof trimming is yet necessary, an appropriate timing is suggested based on the current literature. Also the unique role of accurate data recording system in time management of trimming is mentioned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effect of Trace Mineral on the Hoof Health
Fatemeh Kohansal Marzieh FaeziThe claw quality is a product of claw shape, characteristics of the horn and anatomy of the inner structure. Hoof health is largely determined by the production of good quality horn of adequate resistance. The functional integrity of hoof horn essentially depends on a p MoreThe claw quality is a product of claw shape, characteristics of the horn and anatomy of the inner structure. Hoof health is largely determined by the production of good quality horn of adequate resistance. The functional integrity of hoof horn essentially depends on a proper differentiation, i.e., keratinization of hoof epidermal cells. Keratinization of hoof epidermis is controlled and modulated by a variety of bioactive molecules and hormones. This process is dependent on an appropriate supply of nutrients including vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Regulation and control of differentiation and nutrient flow to the epidermal cells play a central role in determining the quality and, consequently, the functional integrity of hoof horn. Decreasing nutrient supply to keratinizing epidermal cells leads to horn production of inferior quality and increased susceptibility to chemical, physical, or microbial damage from the environment. A growing body of evidence suggests that hormones, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements play critical roles in the normal development of claw horn and correct keratin formation. Increasing the bioavailability of trace minerals improves their utilization and thus contributes to an improved integrity of keratinized tissues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Local care of the hooves (Footbath application)
Khosro Safari Nikroo mohammad ali sadeghiFoothbathes are one of the most efficient methods of control and prevention of foot lamenesses specially hoof infectious diseases in dairy herd facilities. In this article different types of foothbathes, design and structure, solutions and renewal rates have been review MoreFoothbathes are one of the most efficient methods of control and prevention of foot lamenesses specially hoof infectious diseases in dairy herd facilities. In this article different types of foothbathes, design and structure, solutions and renewal rates have been reviewed. Copper sulphate and formalin were the most frequently used solution and dimention of 81 cm of width, 3-3.7 m length and depth of 11 cm were introduced as standard dimentions. On the other hand due to environmental and human concerns these solution should be evacuated approperiatly. Also the most appropriate range of bath usage was between 1-4 times a day and 1-7 times a week and in each bath, between 100-300 cows can pass without significant reduction of chemical solution concentration. It should be noted that merely observing these instructions will not reduce digital diseases, and other health and disease control programs should be considered in the herd. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - A review of common instruments usage in cattle hoof trimming
Ehsan Rostami Mojtaba Mohamaddoust Ahmadreza MohamadniaHoof trimming devices and facilities play an important role in hoof trimming, health of hoof trimmer and cow. Hoof trimming is a dangerous task for bot cows and trimmers and trimmer should consider usage of proper instruments and facilities for doing good job. Personal MoreHoof trimming devices and facilities play an important role in hoof trimming, health of hoof trimmer and cow. Hoof trimming is a dangerous task for bot cows and trimmers and trimmer should consider usage of proper instruments and facilities for doing good job. Personal protections like usage of gloves, glass shields and trimming gown can help in improving health and security of the trimmer. In this current review hoof trimming devices like hoof scissors, hoof knives, sharpening of the hoof knives, angle grinders, hoof trimming discs were reviewed. Usage of angle grinders with proper disc may lower hazards for hoof trimmer and increase quality of hoof trimming and its final outcome. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Cattle functional and corrective hoof trimming (Fundamentals and methods)
Ahmadreza MohamadniaHoof trimming consider as one of daily activities in dairy farms, as cows refer to hoof trimming chute several times annually. Hoof trimming is a hard work that needs special facilities, knowledge and skills with continuing education to reach optimum efficiency in farms MoreHoof trimming consider as one of daily activities in dairy farms, as cows refer to hoof trimming chute several times annually. Hoof trimming is a hard work that needs special facilities, knowledge and skills with continuing education to reach optimum efficiency in farms. Different hoof trimming techniques were used in past years and Dutch hoof trimming method published by Tussaint Raven consider as the first well explain method that still is the base of different hoof trimming methods around the world. However, White line reunion and Kansas methods also were used in different parts of the world. Hoof trimming were done in order to balance weight distribution between digits, transfer weight to normal digits and finding lesions in early stages. Corkscrew claws needs special trimming that were described in this article. Hoof trimming faults like over trimming of abaxial hoof wall, sole, heel and toe were mentioned in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Hoof blocks in dairy cows, fundamentals and techniques of application
Mojtaba Mohamaddoust Fatemeh Kohansal Reyhane Sangtarash Ahmadreza MohamadniaDigital lesions were treated by corrective hoof trimming, nonstroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hoof blocks on a sound claw. Any claw lesions including sole ulcer, white line diseases, toe ulcer, digital wall lesions, penetrating interdigital necrobacillosis should b MoreDigital lesions were treated by corrective hoof trimming, nonstroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hoof blocks on a sound claw. Any claw lesions including sole ulcer, white line diseases, toe ulcer, digital wall lesions, penetrating interdigital necrobacillosis should be treated using hoof blocks. Block height estimated as 25, width 50 and length 110 millimeters. Sound claw should be prepared for block adhesion with no eminence or any rugged part. The block should stick to the digit slightly toward the heel. Different glue and adhesives were used in hoof blocking. Functional glues generally divided in to two groups of Epoxy and Polyurethane. These glues are strong with good elasticity. Epoxy glues are synthetic glues consisting of two parts of resin and hardener and are stronger than polyurethane glues. Polyurethane glues are more tolerant than epoxies against rusting and trauma but because of Isocyanates are dangerous in use. Methymetacrylate adhesive glues are located between polyurethane and epoxy glues with strong and elastic features. Different techniques of hoof block usage were reviewed in this current study. Manuscript profile