• OpenAccess
    • List of Articles Tendon

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Inflammation and arcing (BOWED TENDON) of the superficial flexor tendon (SDF)
        Saeed Azizi Mahmoodjigh Nima Mozafari Farshid Davoudi
        Among the flexor tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor tendon. SDF tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, bu More
        Among the flexor tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor tendon. SDF tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, but re-injury is likely. SDF tendon injuries are more common in the forelimb. Flexor tendon injuries are due to strain on the tendon or a direct trauma. Tendon damage vary from inflammation and pain to complete rupture of the tendon. Injuries caused by strain are associated with swelling that require ultrasound assessment to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for these injuries includes anti-inflammatory treatment, which is initially followed by a rehabilitation program. In cases where drug treatment is not responsive, surgical procedures including tendon splitting and superior check ligament desmotomy can be used. In this study, we briefly review the tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor tendon, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - A review of the most common tendon sheath injuries in horses
        Rahim Mohammadi Nima Mozafari
        Tendon sheath is a connective tissue that main function is to protect the tendon in the areas that are most vulnerable to damage. One of the relatively common causes of lameness and abnormalities in the limb of horses is tendon sheath damage. Injuries to the digital ten More
        Tendon sheath is a connective tissue that main function is to protect the tendon in the areas that are most vulnerable to damage. One of the relatively common causes of lameness and abnormalities in the limb of horses is tendon sheath damage. Injuries to the digital tendon sheath, tarsus, and carp are more common than tendon sheaths in other parts of the limbs. Lameness and swelling at the site of the lesion are common clinical findings in many tendon sheath injuries. Primary diagnosis of tendon sheath inflammation is possible with the help of animal history and clinical signs. The use of diagnostic tools, especially diagnostic imaging, is very useful for definitive diagnosis and identifying the primary cause of the disorders or damage to the surrounding tissues. Complete treatment should be done after identifying the underlying cause of sheath inflammation, although treatments such as rest, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, and cold therapy are effective in reducing inflammation and improving clinical signs. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Nanoparticles for Tendon Healing and Regeneration
        sara javanmardi Dara Azizi
        Tendon tissue has limited regeneration potential and usually the consequent formation of scar tissue causes inferior mechanical properties. Nanoparticles could be used in different way to improve tendon healing and regeneration, ranging from scaffolds manufacturing (inc More
        Tendon tissue has limited regeneration potential and usually the consequent formation of scar tissue causes inferior mechanical properties. Nanoparticles could be used in different way to improve tendon healing and regeneration, ranging from scaffolds manufacturing (increasing the strength and endurance or anti-adhesions, anti-microbial, and ante inflammatory properties) to gene therapy. This paper aims to summarize the most relevant studies showing the potential application of nanoparticles for tendon tissue regeneration. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Tendon, tendon disorders and Cell therapy in tendon
        Mehdi Behfar Mohammad Hossein Farjah
        The tendon is a firm fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. This structure has the ability to transfer mechanical forces resulting from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Tendinitis is a general term, often used to describe painful tendo More
        The tendon is a firm fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. This structure has the ability to transfer mechanical forces resulting from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Tendinitis is a general term, often used to describe painful tendon situations due to constant stretching, overuse, degeneration, or poor tendon biomechanism. Tendinopathy is often the result of useless attempts by the body to regenerate a tendon, which a pathological conflict has led to a malfunction. Various treatments have been used to manage tendon disorders. Stem cells are divided into two categories. Embryonic cells (which are very potential but due to ethical considerations, limited studies have been done on them) and postnatal cells. Postnatal cells are divided into two categories, which include; Hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into multiple cells, including tenocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts. these cells are a potential alternative to treating tendon lesions. This article presentan overview of the structure, biomechanics and disorders of tendon and, while pointing to the common therapies today, introduces stem cells , retrospective studies and possibility of using these cells in the optimal treatment of tendon disorders. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - An overview of avian tendon and ligament problems
        Nikta  Moqadasi Abbas Raisi Hassan Norouzian
        Tendon is a mechanical bridge that transmits muscle strength to the bones and joints. Musculoskeletal disorders damages millions of dollars in economic losses each year to companies in the animal husbandry industry that inflict food. The tendon is mainly composed of ten More
        Tendon is a mechanical bridge that transmits muscle strength to the bones and joints. Musculoskeletal disorders damages millions of dollars in economic losses each year to companies in the animal husbandry industry that inflict food. The tendon is mainly composed of tenocyte and tenoblast cells and is oriented and organized by collagen fibers. Viral arthritis / tenosynovitis in poultry is one of the pathological manifestations of avian reovirus infection. Viral arthritis can be diagnosed by clinical observations and serological examination and radiological findings. Studies show the effect of vaccines on the prevention of this disease. Tendon mineralization in poultry can be a part of the natural process or can be caused by aging or tendon damage. Mineral deposition in tendons makes it a hard structure with less flexibility. The morphological properties of tissue and mineralized tendon cells have been studied. Several studies on the effects of activity on avian Gastrocnemius tendon have been performed. One of the tendon injuries is related to the patagial tendon, which responds well to treatment after surgery. The tendon plays a vital role in function of birds and is damaged, which causes irreparable problems. Therefore, it is necessary to know its structure and precise function in preventing damage as well as their more effective treatment. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Acquried tendon injuries in cattle
        Zahra Sadat  Yousef Sani Ahad Jafari Rahbar Alizadeh Samaneh Ghasemi
        Tendon disorders are the important cause of lameness, decreased production and loss of economic in cattle. These disorders may be congenital or acquired. Acquired tendon injuries involve tendon laceration, avulsion and rupture. Direct trauma, breeding injuries, bulls f More
        Tendon disorders are the important cause of lameness, decreased production and loss of economic in cattle. These disorders may be congenital or acquired. Acquired tendon injuries involve tendon laceration, avulsion and rupture. Direct trauma, breeding injuries, bulls fight, and, handling accidents are the most causes of tendon injuries in cattle. Deep and superficial digital flexor tendons and gastrocnemius tendon are commonly affected. Clinical signs of tendon injuries depend on the severity of injury. Pain, mild to severe lameness and recumbency are the clinical signs associated with tendon injuries in cattle. Treatment of tendon injuries consist of stall confinement, anti-inflammatory medications, limb supporting through application of cast or splint and tenorrhaphy. The prognosis of tendon injuries affects by the severity of injury. Common acquired tendon injuries in cattle are described in this article. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - A Review of Structure and Mechanisms of Tendon Injury and Repair in Small Animals
        Fatemeh Iraji Aboutorab  Tabatabaei Naeini
        Tendons are soft connective tissues composed of parallel collagen fibers embedded in an extracellular matrix. This organized structure allows the tendons to bear and transfer large forces between the muscle and the bone. Tendons contain 86% collagen, 1-5% proteoglycan , More
        Tendons are soft connective tissues composed of parallel collagen fibers embedded in an extracellular matrix. This organized structure allows the tendons to bear and transfer large forces between the muscle and the bone. Tendons contain 86% collagen, 1-5% proteoglycan ,and 2% elastin, which are calculated as dry weight, and water is responsible for 60-80% of the wet weight of the whole tendon. Tendon healing can be generally divided into 3 phases; the repair, inflammation, and remodeling phases. Although the tensile strength of the healed tendon improves over time, it does not reach the level of uninjured tissue. Manuscript profile