Cattle

Open Access Article

1 - Epidemiology of lameness; economic importance, prevalence and incidence
Marzieh Faezi Reyhaneh Sangtarash

20.1001.1.24235695.1398.6.2.3.5

Herd health and comprehensive preventive medicine were notified since the last half of 20th century, as the farmers were better educated and the value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. Restricted attention had been given to the above idea More

Herd health and comprehensive preventive medicine were notified since the last half of 20th century, as the farmers were better educated and the value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. Restricted attention had been given to the above idea leads to misunderstanding of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Currently, veterinarians must support herd health programs designed to increase production by preventing disease, rather than just dispensing traditional treatment to clinically sick animals. Lameness as one of the costliest disorders in dairy herds, needs special attention. Both preventive costs (such as hoof trimming costs) and the losses due to heifer replacements and milk yield reduction should be counted as the economic losses of a disease. Indeed, local data play an important role in estimating lameness losses. Calculating measures of morbidity is a key point that helps the veterinarian and the farmer to know about the farm condition. So, in this article the economic importance of lameness and the concept of prevalence and incidence of it were reviewed. At the end there are some information about the prevalence and incidence of lameness in Iran and some other countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Cow comfort, a basis for lameness control
Reyhaneh Sangtarash Shabnaz mokhtarnazif Ensiyeh Sajadyan jaghargh

20.1001.1.24235695.1398.6.2.5.7

As the number of large-scale dairy farms increase dairy cow welfare has become a hot topic in recent years. This growing interest in animal welfare has motivated legislators to set new rules. The most important concerns regarding dairy cow welfare include whether the da More

As the number of large-scale dairy farms increase dairy cow welfare has become a hot topic in recent years. This growing interest in animal welfare has motivated legislators to set new rules. The most important concerns regarding dairy cow welfare include whether the dairy cow is feeling well, functioning well, and performing natural behavior. Cow behavior and comfort level have a direct relationship with her production and health and cow comfort is one of the most important factors affecting the profitability of dairy farms due to its association with premature slaughter, survival of cows and reproductive life (number of complete lactations before slaughter). In this paper, we explained the concept of comfort in dairy cattle and its risk factors such as stall design, floor type, density, lameness and heat stress. Then the measures of cow comfort are introduced and the management considerations related to cattle comfort are discussed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Cesarean section procedure in cattle
Khosro Safari Nikroo Negin Rahimdoust Mozhdehi Samaneh Ghasemi

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.1.2.3

Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most import More

Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most important reason for cesarean procedure and survival of the cow and the calf, and maintenance of fertility are the main aims of cesarean in cattle. In this article, the history of this technique has been briefly mentioned and the aim of this article is to describe the indications of cesarean, decision making for surgery, preparaton of the patient, different cesarian surgical approaches, as well as post-operative cares and complications in cattle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Prevalence, causes, risk factors, prevention strategies and treatment of dystocia in dairy cattle
Niloufar Tashakkori nima farzaneh

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.1.3.4

Each case of dystocia is a clinical problem that may be solved if a correct procedure is followed. The diagnosis and treatment of dystocia requires a good understanding of normal parturition and sensitivity to the welfare of both dam and offspring. Difficult birth will More

Each case of dystocia is a clinical problem that may be solved if a correct procedure is followed. The diagnosis and treatment of dystocia requires a good understanding of normal parturition and sensitivity to the welfare of both dam and offspring. Difficult birth will occur when the expulsive forces are insufficient, when the birth canal is of inadequate size and shape, or when the presenting diameter of the fetus is unable to pass through the normal birth canal because it is too large or its disposition prevents it from doing so. The incidence of dystocia in heifers has been calculated to be anywhere from three to ten times that of multiparous cows, whether in beef or dairy cattle. Risk factors for dystocia are fetal-dam disparity, abnormal fetal position, vulval, vaginal, or cervical stenosis and uterine torsion. Preventing dystocia, particularly in first-calf heifers, is a very important component of a successful reproductive program on any dairy or beef operation and there are numerous factors have been involved in the incidence of dystocia. Even when plans are in place to limit dystocia risk to an acceptable level (<15% for heifers, <5% for cows), there are still cases of dystocia in beef and dairy herds. One of the most important fundamentals for optimum dystocia management is for the owner to know when to intervene or call for assistance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Maternal Dystocia: Causes and treatment
Niloufar Tashakkori nima farzaneh

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.1.4.5

Maternal dystocia includes defects of the birth canal and defects of the expulsive forces. Defects of the birth canal would be due to the pelvic constriction, failure of cervical dilation, incomplete relaxation of the caudal vagina and vulva and other physical abnormali More

Maternal dystocia includes defects of the birth canal and defects of the expulsive forces. Defects of the birth canal would be due to the pelvic constriction, failure of cervical dilation, incomplete relaxation of the caudal vagina and vulva and other physical abnormalities causing obstruction such as remnants of the paramesonephric ducts. The expulsive force of labour is due to a combination of myometrial contractions and straining induced by the contraction of the abdominal muscles with a closed glottis. Because the abdominal muscles do not come into play until the myometrium has forced the fetus and fetal membranes into the pelvic canal and stimulated the pelvic sensory nerve receptors, it is logical to consider first the expulsive deficiencies that may arise in the myometrium. These may occur spontaneously or dependently and are called, respectively, primary and secondary uterine inertia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Fetal dystocia 1. Obstetrical maneuvers; Dystocia due to postural defects; Dystocia due to faulty position
Niloufar Tashakkori nima farzaneh

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.1.5.6

The aim of manipulative procedures in the monotocous species must always be to ensure that the fetus is in normal disposition before attempting delivery. Correction of defects of presentation, position, and posture can be achieved only by intrauterine manipulation of th More

The aim of manipulative procedures in the monotocous species must always be to ensure that the fetus is in normal disposition before attempting delivery. Correction of defects of presentation, position, and posture can be achieved only by intrauterine manipulation of the fetus. Retropulsion of the fetus into the uterus is essential for repositioning it. After diagnosing the cause of dystocia and deciding on a plan of action, the obstetrician should consider whether the available facilities are appropriate, and whether the equipment is adequate to carry out the treatment successfully. In severe forms of dystocia, the veterinarian should always seek the assistance of a professional colleague and consider whether it might be appropriate to transport the animal to a place with hospital facilities, provided that the animal is in a fit state to travel. Obstetrical manipulation per vaginam should be performed as cleanly as possible. It is impossible to perform them aseptically because there will inevitably be some contamination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Fetal Dystocia 2. Dystocia Due to Faults of Presentation, Dystocia Due to Twins, Dystocia Due to Fetomaternal Disproportion
Saghar Alizadeh Ghamsari Niloufar Tashakkori nima farzaneh

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.1.6.7

The aim of manipulative procedures in the monotocous species must always be to ensure that the fetus is in normal disposition before attempting delivery. Correction of defects of presentation, position, and posture can be achieved only by intrauterine manipulation of th More

The aim of manipulative procedures in the monotocous species must always be to ensure that the fetus is in normal disposition before attempting delivery. Correction of defects of presentation, position, and posture can be achieved only by intrauterine manipulation of the fetus. Retropulsion of the fetus into the uterus is essential for repositioning it. After diagnosing the cause of dystocia and deciding on a plan of action, the obstetrician should consider whether the available facilities are appropriate, and whether the equipment is adequate to carry out the treatment successfully. In severe forms of dystocia, the veterinarian should always seek the assistance of a professional colleague and consider whether it might be appropriate to transport the animal to a place with hospital facilities, provided that the animal is in a fit state to travel. Obstetrical manipulation per vaginam should be performed as cleanly as possible. It is impossible to perform them aseptically because there will inevitably be some contamination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Septic arthritis in cattle and calf
Seyed Mousa Mousavi Samaneh Ghasemi

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.1.4

Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Th More

Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. This condition occurs when joint space affects by invasion of various microorganisms. Failure of transfer of passive immunity, penetrating wounds, septicemia, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions are the causes of septic arthritis. Lameness, joint effusion, pain, and fever are the most important of clinical signs of septic arthritis. One or more joints may be affected. Complete physical examination, synovial fluid and blood analysis, and imaging studies techniques are used as diagnostic tools for septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of septic arthritis are necessary to improve prognosis. Treatment strategy of septic arthritis includes antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis are described in this article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Local anethetic techniques of distal limbs in cattle
mohammad ali sadeghi Samaneh Ghasemi

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.3.6

Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are rela More

Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are relatively simple and inexpensive with low side effects. Local or reginal anesthesia involve the local anesthetic drug that provide the absence of sensation in a region of body. Use of appropriate of local anesthesia is an important tool to perform different therapeutic and surgical procedures in limbs of cattle. It is important that local anesthesia provides sufficient analgesia for pain management. Lidocaine is the most common local anesthetic drug used in cattle. Before injection, the skin should be cleaned to reduce the chance of introducing pathogens. There are several techniques of local and reginal anesthesia including nerve block, ring block, four-point and, intravenous regional anesthesia for distal limbs in cattle. In nerve block, an anesthetic drug injects near specific nerves while ring block performs by injection of an anesthetic drug circumferentially around the mid-metacarpus or metacarpus region. In low four-point block, local anesthetic drug is injected in four sites to anesthetize the lower limb from pastern distally. During intravenous regional anesthesia, an anesthetic drug is intravenously injected by a catheter followed by the placement of a tourniquet around the limb. Consideration to the volume of used local anesthetic drug is necessary for prevention of toxic effect of these drugs. In this article, the most common local anesthetic techniques of the distal limbs in cattle are described. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Acquried tendon injuries in cattle
Zahra Sadat Yousef Sani Ahad Jafari Rahbar Alizadeh Samaneh Ghasemi

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.4.7

Tendon disorders are the important cause of lameness, decreased production and loss of economic in cattle. These disorders may be congenital or acquired. Acquired tendon injuries involve tendon laceration, avulsion and rupture. Direct trauma, breeding injuries, bulls f More

Tendon disorders are the important cause of lameness, decreased production and loss of economic in cattle. These disorders may be congenital or acquired. Acquired tendon injuries involve tendon laceration, avulsion and rupture. Direct trauma, breeding injuries, bulls fight, and, handling accidents are the most causes of tendon injuries in cattle. Deep and superficial digital flexor tendons and gastrocnemius tendon are commonly affected. Clinical signs of tendon injuries depend on the severity of injury. Pain, mild to severe lameness and recumbency are the clinical signs associated with tendon injuries in cattle. Treatment of tendon injuries consist of stall confinement, anti-inflammatory medications, limb supporting through application of cast or splint and tenorrhaphy. The prognosis of tendon injuries affects by the severity of injury. Common acquired tendon injuries in cattle are described in this article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Digit amputation in cattle
Sajjad Pishbin Farzad Hayati

Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the majo More

Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the digits in cattle include the first, second and, third phalanx. Two vestigial digits are existed in cattle. The medial digit and the lateral digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the digits is its amputation. Among the most important causes of digit amputation, can mention osteomyelitis of finger and navicular bones, septic arthritis of interdigital joints, fractures and hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of digit amputation procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle standing position. Selection of digit amputation techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type and the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis and is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb amputation and the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb amputation. Although the short-term prognosis for limb amputation is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal and caring condition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Management of fractures in cattle
Nasim Qaemifar Faezeh Alipour

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.5.8

Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fractu More

Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fracture and recovery. Generally, fractures which occur in ruminants and generally in large ruminants are of great importance for treatment because according to experiences, despite the cost incurred, the treatment of these complications is a good result .Often fractures occur in hind limb and fore limb parts of the animals and fewer cases are reported from the other parts. Selection of appropriate treatment method and control of these complications is affected by several factors, but in general, economic factors in patients can be considered as one of the most effective factors in this selection. About fracture management, some factors such as physical examination, prevention of subsequent secondary infection and etc, are discussed. In general, from 1950 onwards, the use of internal fixation in the treatment of fractures increased. The costs that are used to provide internal fixation instruments, preparation of radiographs, the salary of surgeons, postoperative cares and etc, may be considered for the owner, therefore, it should be considered before the beginning of surgery. Although there are many studies about the modification of fractures with external fixation, but there is a little data about the use of this system in large animals. In this article, the principles of treatment of internal and external fixation fractures are mentioned. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Ligamentous injuries of the stifle joint in cattle
Zahra Sadat Yousef Sani Ahad Jafari Rahbar Alizadeh mohammad ali sadeghi

20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.6.9

Lameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint is one of the causes of pain, production losses, and culling from herd in cattle. Stifle is a large joint divided into femeropatellar and lateral and medial femorotibial joints. The major soft tissue structures More

Lameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint is one of the causes of pain, production losses, and culling from herd in cattle. Stifle is a large joint divided into femeropatellar and lateral and medial femorotibial joints. The major soft tissue structures of the stifle joint are lateral and medial collateral ligaments, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, lateral, middle, and medial patellar ligaments, and menisci That contribute to stabilize the stifle joint and its function. Different disorders including fractures, arthritis, and injuries of the menisci, collateral, and cruciate ligaments, and upward fixation of the patella affect stifle joint in cattle. The most important sequela of the stifle injuries is degenerative joint disease. Various degree of joint effusion, pain and lameness are the common clinical signs of stifle injuries in cattle. Lameness of the stifle joint may be difficult to diagnose and treat. Therefore, careful examination of the hindlimb is indicated. Radiography and ultrasonography can be used for diagnosis of stifle joint injuries in cattle. Because of the economic considerations and other limitations, advanced diagnostic techniques such as arthroscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are uncommonly performed in cattle. Conservative management and surgical techniques are used for treatment of stifle disorders in cattle. Economic value of the cattle, severity of injury, presence of degenerative joint disease, availability of surgical equipment, and expertise of the surgeon should be considered for selecting of treatment options. Prognosis of stifle disorders in cattle is variable and depends on the type of injury, its severity, involved structures and concurrent injuries as well as cattle condition. In this article the most important soft tissues injuries of the stifle joint, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these injuries are described. Manuscript profile

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