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        1 - Laboratory findings of acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats
        Niloufar  Abedi Mahdieh  Zaeemi
        Pancreatitis is the most common exocrine pancreatic disease in both dogs and cats. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation with acute onset and characterized by necrosis and edema. Premature activation of trypsin in the acinar cells starts a cascade of reactions that re More
        Pancreatitis is the most common exocrine pancreatic disease in both dogs and cats. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation with acute onset and characterized by necrosis and edema. Premature activation of trypsin in the acinar cells starts a cascade of reactions that result in autodigestion. Dogs are often presented with gastrointestinal signs, whereas lethargy and anorexia are the most commonly observed symptoms in cats. Acute pancreatitis may cause cardiovascular shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation or disability of multi organs and/or death. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats is difficult. Several diagnostic methods have been proposed for the diagnosis of pancreatitis over the past few years, most of which are not applicable due to poor performance, inaccessibility or aggressiveness. Besides, many radiographic methods are used yet none of them are efficient except ultrasonography. Although several laboratory tests including measurement of hematology and biochemistry factors are available, none of them are specific for pancreatitis and they are merely beneficial in rejecting other diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the more specific diagnostic tests for acute pancreatitis in small animals. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Biomarkers of myocardial and skeletal muscle diseases in small animals
        Maedeh Ghari Mahdieh  Zaeemi
        Muscle diseases can be either inherited or acquired that result from several different disease processes including; infectious, drug- and toxin-induced, and immune mediated, endocrine and metabolic disorders. Standard hematological and biochemical, immunologic, molecula More
        Muscle diseases can be either inherited or acquired that result from several different disease processes including; infectious, drug- and toxin-induced, and immune mediated, endocrine and metabolic disorders. Standard hematological and biochemical, immunologic, molecular, pathological tests are indicated to diagnosis and monitoring these diseases. From the biochemical tests, the serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, and serum concentration of lactate, myoglobin, troponins, natriuretic peptides, are measured. The aim of this study is to introduce biomarkers that used nowadays to detect skeletal muscle and myocardial damage in small animals. It also provides information on the structure, function, metabolism, reference values and applicability of these biomarkers to provide a better understanding of the health status of skeletal and myocardial muscles by choosing an appropriate biomarker. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Laboratory diagnosis of iron metabolism disorders in Dogs and Cat
        Masoume  Masoumi Verki Mahdieh  Zaeemi
        Iron is essential to virtually all living organisms and is integral to multiple metabolic functions. Disorders of iron in the body include iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammatory disease, and iron overload. This article summarizes iron metabolism and disorders as More
        Iron is essential to virtually all living organisms and is integral to multiple metabolic functions. Disorders of iron in the body include iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammatory disease, and iron overload. This article summarizes iron metabolism and disorders associated with iron metabolism in small animals and the diagnostic tests currently in use for assessing iron status are discussed. Manuscript profile