List of Articles مو

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - Overview of colic risk factors in horses
  Fattah  Iranmanesh Seyed Mahmoud  Shojaeian Amirsaeed  Samimi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1399.7.1.1.8
  Gastrointestinal diseases are 50% of the problems and diseases that lead to death in adult horses. According to epidemiological studies, for every 100 horses per year, between 0.9 and 10 horses suffer from colic. The occurrence of colic varies between different farms an More

  Gastrointestinal diseases are 50% of the problems and diseases that lead to death in adult horses. According to epidemiological studies, for every 100 horses per year, between 0.9 and 10 horses suffer from colic. The occurrence of colic varies between different farms and even at different times in one farm. The occurrence of colic seems to be strongly influenced by the level of quality of herd management and horse maintenance throughout the year. This means that variation in the rate of occurrence originates more from management than from the breed of horses. Various factors such as breed, age, sex, history, nutrition, activities, infectious and parasitic problems and dental problems can increase the risk of colic in horses. For example, Arabian horses have been identified as predisposed to colic, and other Heidegger breeds such as the Thoroughbred and Warmblad, and standard-range horses, are at high risk for colic. In addition, stallions, especially castrated stallions, are more susceptible to colic. Changes in the type of concentrate consumed, the type of other feeds, the quality of forage and pasture are closely related to colic and their causative agents. Intestinal parasites, especially tapeworms and streptococci, are important risk factors for colic that can increase the risk Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - A review on the structure of the skin
  Omid Zehtabvar Reza Khoshvaght Fakhra  Borgheie
  Skin (also known as the integument) is the largest organ of the body accounting for 12% to 20% (different ratio in various texts) of total body weight. Skin consists of two basic regions, the superficial epidermis and deep dermis. Beneath the dermis is the subcutaneous More

  Skin (also known as the integument) is the largest organ of the body accounting for 12% to 20% (different ratio in various texts) of total body weight. Skin consists of two basic regions, the superficial epidermis and deep dermis. Beneath the dermis is the subcutaneous or hypodermis layer of loose connective tissue. Generally, the main architecture of the skin similar in all mammals, but there are differences between various species. The skin is thickest over the dorsal surface of the body and is thinnest on the ventral surface of the body. The skin could have ridges on its surface or be smooth in some areas. Epidermis consists of Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum. Dermis consists of papillary and reticular layers and has a lot of blood and lymphatic vessels also sensitive and neurogenic receptors. Hair is a long, thin and elastic skin derivation that internal envelopment is from epidermis and loose connective tissue of external envelopment derived from dermis. Footpads are changed skin structures in cranial and caudal limbs. There are another structures like horn and hook that derived from skin. Abdominal cavity consists of these layers from inside to outside: skin, superficial fascia, skeletal muscles, deep fascia and serosa. Tunica serosa consists of a mesenchymal layer that forms from one layer of simple squamous epithelial cells and stroma connective tissue. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - Effect of Trace Mineral on the Hoof Health
  Fatemeh Kohansal Marzieh Faezi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1400.8.2.6.2
  The claw quality is a product of claw shape, characteristics of the horn and anatomy of the inner structure. Hoof health is largely determined by the production of good quality horn of adequate resistance. The functional integrity of hoof horn essentially depends on a p More

  The claw quality is a product of claw shape, characteristics of the horn and anatomy of the inner structure. Hoof health is largely determined by the production of good quality horn of adequate resistance. The functional integrity of hoof horn essentially depends on a proper differentiation, i.e., keratinization of hoof epidermal cells. Keratinization of hoof epidermis is controlled and modulated by a variety of bioactive molecules and hormones. This process is dependent on an appropriate supply of nutrients including vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Regulation and control of differentiation and nutrient flow to the epidermal cells play a central role in determining the quality and, consequently, the functional integrity of hoof horn. Decreasing nutrient supply to keratinizing epidermal cells leads to horn production of inferior quality and increased susceptibility to chemical, physical, or microbial damage from the environment. A growing body of evidence suggests that hormones, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements play critical roles in the normal development of claw horn and correct keratin formation. Increasing the bioavailability of trace minerals improves their utilization and thus contributes to an improved integrity of keratinized tissues. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - Local anethetic techniques of distal limbs in cattle
  mohammad ali sadeghi Samaneh Ghasemi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.3.6
  Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are rela More

  Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are relatively simple and inexpensive with low side effects. Local or reginal anesthesia involve the local anesthetic drug that provide the absence of sensation in a region of body. Use of appropriate of local anesthesia is an important tool to perform different therapeutic and surgical procedures in limbs of cattle. It is important that local anesthesia provides sufficient analgesia for pain management. Lidocaine is the most common local anesthetic drug used in cattle. Before injection, the skin should be cleaned to reduce the chance of introducing pathogens. There are several techniques of local and reginal anesthesia including nerve block, ring block, four-point and, intravenous regional anesthesia for distal limbs in cattle. In nerve block, an anesthetic drug injects near specific nerves while ring block performs by injection of an anesthetic drug circumferentially around the mid-metacarpus or metacarpus region. In low four-point block, local anesthetic drug is injected in four sites to anesthetize the lower limb from pastern distally. During intravenous regional anesthesia, an anesthetic drug is intravenously injected by a catheter followed by the placement of a tourniquet around the limb. Consideration to the volume of used local anesthetic drug is necessary for prevention of toxic effect of these drugs. In this article, the most common local anesthetic techniques of the distal limbs in cattle are described. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  5 - Observational Studies in Veterinary Research & Practice
  Alireza Bahonar Marzieh Faezi Zahra Boluki
  https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.5
  One of the most important applications of epidemiology is the investigation of the causes of diseases. In this regard, the appropriate design of study to approach the causes and risk factors of a disease is vital. Observational studies are a category of studies that hel More

  One of the most important applications of epidemiology is the investigation of the causes of diseases. In this regard, the appropriate design of study to approach the causes and risk factors of a disease is vital. Observational studies are a category of studies that help the researcher in identifying risk factors for disease occurrence and quantifying the effect of these factors on it, thereby influencing its control within the population. These studies are conducted through observing the natural behavior of disease in the population. Accurate and precise data collection (a part that receives less attention in the country) forms the cornerstone of these studies, requiring special attention from educational, extension, and research centers. In this article, various types of observational studies are initially introduced in general terms. Subsequently, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, as the three main types of observational studies, are comprehensively explained. The methods of grouping for study entry, calculation of minimum sample size, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of each study are described in detail. Additionally, the capabilities that each type of these studies provides to the researcher for interpreting the causality of the occurrence or the desired outcome in the study are provided at the end of each section. After introducing the implementation method of each study, depending on the case, references to three or four articles with similar study designs are provided to serve as examples of observational studies as a model. It should be noted that these types of studies are foundational for conducting intervention studies, and creating infrastructure for data recording and analysis is necessary for conducting these studies. Manuscript profile